DE GIROLAMO , Guest Editor and MICHELE TANSELLA

نویسندگان

  • GIOVANNI DE GIROLAMO
  • MICHELE TANSELLA
چکیده

In Italy the history of General Hospital Psychiatric Units (GHPUs) is a recent one, beginning in 1978 with the approval of the reform law, Law 180; before that time there were very few psychiatric wards located within general hospitals. A psychiatric ward was set up in the Ospedale Maggiore in Milan back in 1852, and in 1963, in the same hospital, a new psychiatric ward, called Guardia II, was opened (Cazzullo, 2000). However, besides these isolated exceptions, the history of psychiatry within general hospital overlaps with the history and the events, sometimes problematic, of Law 180. In other countries the history of GHPUs is far more complex: in the United States, for instance, the first GHPU was set up in 1924 at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, and in 1965, according to Lebensohn, there were more than 1,000 GHPUs, that is a psychiatric unit in approximately 20% of all US hospitals. Around this time Lebensohn (1963; 1964; 1965) published some seminal papers about the optimal design and the best logistic and architectural characteristics of GHPUs; he also discussed basic problems of the process of care and the functioning of these units. Still in the USA, Kiesler & Simpkins (1993), in a classical book entitled "The unnoticed majority in psychiatric inpatient care', highlighted that in the '80s more than 60% of all acute episodes of care took place in GHPUs, in common with a visible trend in most developed countries over the last 30 years. Current trends go in the same direction: recent data from the WHO Atlas of Mental Health show that in 13 countries of the 'old' European Union the median value of beds per 10,000 inhabitants is 2.25 per 10,000 (WHO, 2005); GHPUs can be found everywhere and represent an important component of the network of services (in Italy, with the only exception of Sicily, there are 0.78 beds in GHPUs per 10,000 inhabitants, whereas the total number of acute, public and private, beds is 1.72). In Italia la storia dei reparti psichiatrici ospedalieri per pazienti psichiatrici acuti e una storia recente, che di fatto comincia nel 1978 con la Legge 180, anche se gia prima di allora esistevano, sul territorio nazionale, poche strutture psichiatriche collocate all'interno di Ospedali Generali. Addirittura un reparto psichiatrico all'Ospedale Maggiore di Milano era attivo a partire dal 1852 e, nel 1963, venne inaugurato, nello stesso nosocomio, un Padiglione, definito Guardia II, dedicato alle malattie mentali (Cazzullo, 2000). Ma al di la di queste isolate eccezioni, la storia dell'inserimento della psichiatria all'interno degli Ospedali Generali coincide in toto con la storia e le vicende, spesso travagliate, della legge di riforma. In altri Paesi la storia dei reparti psichiatrici negli Ospedali Generali e ben piu ricca: negli Stati Uniti, ad esempio, il primo reparto psichiatrico di questo tipo fu creato nel 1924 all'Ospedale Henry Ford di Detroit e, nel 1965, Lebensohn gia riferiva dell'esistenza di oltre 1000 reparti psichiatrici in altrettanti Ospedali Generali statunitensi, pari a circa il 20% del totale delle strutture ospedaliere di quel Paese. Allo stesso autore (Lebensohn, 1963; 1964; 1965) gia in quegli anni vanno ascritti degli articolati contributi relativi sia alia configurazione ottimale, da un punto di vista logistico-architettonico, di tali strutture, sia ad un'analisi accurata delle principali aree problematiche in termini di processo assistenziale e di funzionamento. Sempre negli Stati Uniti, Kiesler & Simpkins (1993), in un volume diventato ormai un classico dal titolo 'The unnoticed majority in psychiatric inpatient care', misero in evidenza come, gia negli anni '80, oltre il 60% del totale degli episodi di ricovero psichiatrico avesse luogo non negli O.P., bensi nei reparti psichiatrici di ospedali generali, a conferma di un trend riscontrabile in gran parte dei paesi sviluppati negli ultimi 30 anni.

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تاریخ انتشار 2011